Phosgene and its chemical reactions and reactants.

By B. Walker

One of the key components of Phosgene, is bromine and of that is called Isocyanates” they are powerful irritants to the mucous membranes of the eyes and gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Direct skin contact can also cause marked inflammation. Isocyanates can also sensitize workers, making them subject to severe asthma attacks if they are exposed again. Death from severe asthma in some sensitized subjects has been reported.

Isocyanates are reactive to water(this would be the reason for spraying into the ionisphere), and are classified as sensitizers. Atomization, and heating over 115F, as well as direct skin contact of liquid or un-reacted solid (hot melt) can cause sensitivity to humans. Repeated exposure or those already sensitive to chemicals can increase sensitivity over repeated contact, potentially resulting in hypersensitivity. Isocyanates are generally 100% solids (no volatiles) and have very low vapor pressure, resulting in minimal if any vapors at room temperature, when mixed with other agents such as bromine it becomes a carbon

The reaction of (bromine with sodium hydroxide forms sodium hypobromite in situ, which transforms the primary amide into an intermediate isocyanate. The intermediate isocyanate is hydrolyzed to a primary amine giving off carbon dioxide. Bromine is generally used as a fire retardant, and this is bromine's primary industrial use, consuming more than half of world production of the element. The same property allows volatile organobromine compounds, under the action of sunlight, to form free bromine atoms in the atmosphere which are highly effective in (((((((ozone depletion)))))))). This unwanted side-effect has caused many common volatile brominated organics like methyl bromide, a pesticide that was formerly a large industrial bromine consumer, to be abandoned. Remaining uses of bromine compounds are in well-drilling fluids, as an intermediate in manufacture of organic chemicals, and in film photography.

Bromine has no essential function in mammals, though it is preferentially used over chloride by one antiparasitic enzyme in the human immune system. Organobromides are needed and produced enzymatically from bromide by some lower life forms in the sea, particularly algae. As a pharmaceutical, simple bromide ion, Br-, has inhibitory effects on the central nervous system, and bromide salts were once a major medical sedative, before being replaced by shorter-acting drugs. They retain niche uses as antiepileptics, but they are bromine-related compounds and have been evaluated to have an ozone depletion potential or bioaccumulate in living organisms. As a result, many industrial bromine compounds are no longer manufactured, are being restricted, or scheduled for phasing out. The Montreal Protocol mentions several organobromine compounds for this phase out.

Bromine will also oxidize metals and metalloids to the corresponding bromides. Anhydrous bromine is less reactive toward many metals than hydrated bromine, however. Dry bromine reacts vigorously with aluminium, titanium, mercury as well as alkaline earths and alkali metals. Dissolving bromine in alkaline solution gives a mixture of bromide and hypobromite.

This hypobromite is responsible for the bleaching abilities of bromide solutions. Warming of these solutions causes the disproportion reaction of the hypobromite to give bromate, a strong oxidising agent very similar to chlorate.

In contrast to the route to perchlorates, perbromates are not accessible through electrolysis but only by reacting bromate solutions with fluorine or ozone. In effect there are many advantages to the use of this effect, one being the toxic effect on many with lung and respatory ailments, the other is to sell a global warming theory with proof in the warming of temperatures and melting of polar icecaps, the psychiatric effects of driving some crazy, it also works as a sedative in others. Please read on to further understand and research the effects as I have laid them out for you.

Bromine reacts violently and explosively with aluminum (One of the known elements mixed with barium) metal, forming aluminum bromide:

Bromine reacts with hydrogen in gaseous form and gives hydrogen bromide:

Poisonous methyl bromide was widely used as pesticide to fumigate soil and to fumagate housing, by the tenting method. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone scheduled the phase out for the ozone depleting chemical by 2005 Keep in mind the largest producers of this toxin are the USA, Israel at the red sea and China, and it is no longer used (in housing fumagation it has been replaced by such compounds as sulfuryl fluoride, which contain neither the chlorine or bromine organics which harm ozone). Prior to the Montreal protocol in 1991 (for example) an estimated 35,000 metric tons of the chemical were used to control nematodes, fungi, weeds and other soil-borne diseases. Bromine reacts with alkali metal iodides in a displacement reaction. This reaction forms alkali metal bromides and produces elemental iodine repeated and continuous exposure results in what is known as broism.

Bromism is the syndrome which results from the long-term use of the potassium bromide based sedatives or general and continuous exposeure to bromine. Bromism was once a very common disorder being responsible for 5-10% of psychiatric hospital admissions. It is now an uncommon disorder due to bromide being withdrawn from clinical use in many countries and severely restricted in others. The mechanism of bromism is due to high levels of bromide chronically impairing the membrane of neurons which progressively impairs neuronal transmission which leads to toxicity. Bromide has a very long elimination half life of 9-12 days which can lead to excessive accumulation. Doses of 0.5-1 gram per day of bromide can lead to bromism. The therapeutic dose of bromide is about 3-5 grams of bromide, thus explaining why chronic toxicity (bromism) was once so common. While significant and sometimes serious disturbances occur to neurologic, psychiatric, dermatological, and gastrointestinal functions, death is rare from bromism. Bromide is still occasionally used however, for epilepsy in some countries. Bromism is caused by a neurotoxic effect on the brain which results in somnolence, psychosis, seizures and delirium. Bromism is diagnosed by checking the serum chloride level, electrolytes, glucose, BUN and creatinine, as well as symptoms such as psychosis. Bromide is also radiopaque, so an abdominal x-ray may also help in the diagnosis.

Presentation .

 Bromide rash. Neurological and psychiatric

Neurological and psychiatric symptoms are protean and include the symptoms of restlessness, irritability, ataxia, confusion, hallucinations, psychosis, weakness, stupor and in severe cases coma.

Gastrointestinal

Gastrointestinal effects include nausea and vomiting as acute adverse effects and anorexia and constipation with chronic use.

Dermatological

Dermatological effects include acneiform, pustular and erythematous rashes

Bromine has several other uses Bromine is also used in the production of brominated vegetable oil, which is used as an emulsifier in many citrus-flavored soft drinks (e.g. Mountain Dew). After the introduction in the 1940s the compound was extensively used until the UK and the US limited its use in the mid 1970s and alternative emulsifiers were developed.

Soft drinks containing brominated vegetable oil are still sold in the US  as of (2009). Several dyes, agrichemicals, and pharmaceuticals are organobromine compounds. 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane, 1-bromoethylbenzene, and 1-bromoalkanes are prepared by the antimarkovnikov addition of HBr to alkenes. Ethidium bromide, EtBr, is used as a(((((((( DNA stain in gel electrophoresis.))))))))) Remember this and store it in your head! I will touch on this later………..

High refractive index compounds. Bromine, like chlorine, is used in maintenance of swimming pools, especially spas (hot tubs), where it is generated in situ (or system) from a bromide plus hydrogen peroxide antiseptic. In spas, the high water temperatures render chlorinated water purification and buffering compounds unstable, and bromine compounds may improve the life of the free-halogen antimicrobial.

Water purification compounds, disinfectants and insecticides, such as tralomethrin (C22H19Br4NO3.

Potassium bromide is used in some photographic developers to inhibit the formation of fog (undesired reduction of silver). This can also be used to project holograms, yes you read that right holograms in the sky!

Bromine vapor is used as the second step in sensitizing daguerreotype plates to be developed under mercury vapor. Bromine acts as an accelerator to the light sensitivity of the previously iodized plate.

Bromine is also used to reduce mercury pollution from coal-fired power plants. This can be achieved either by treating activated carbon with bromine or by injecting bromine compounds onto the coal prior to combustion.

This is the part many of you are not going to like and I have written extensively on the subject of DNA manipulations and the fall of mankind from Eden, many of you will ignore the truth and many will understand what is written, my hope is to open the eyes of those who have a heart to learn the implications of what is being said here and understand that war has already broken out in the heavens and the sons of perdition are already at work. It is no coincidence that this is happening and is no coincidence that they are trying to fabricate results. The goal is to eliminate those who are genetically Adam, I could go into great details but at the same time at this point many will stop reading. I will do my best to educate those who still have the desire to learn but keep in mind this may not tickle the ears or eyes if your mind is predisposed against the truth.

Many have heard the term used; breeders, or even worthless eaters,  by those who believe that they have somehow arisen above the status of the human condition, I have even heard the term parasite used with regards to those who still believe in family values. I state this only because of the next paragraph and the implications that it brings.

Bromine has no known essential role in human or mammalian health, but inorganic bromine and organobromine compounds do occur naturally, and some may be of use to higher organisms in dealing with ((((((((parasites))))))))). For example, in the presence of H2O2 formed by the eosinophil, and either chloride or bromide ions, eosinophil peroxidase provides a potent mechanism by which eosinophils kill (((((((((multicellular parasites)))))))))) (such as, for example, the nematode worms involved in filariasis); and also certain bacteria (such as tuberculosis bacteria). Eosinophil peroxidase is a haloperoxidase that preferentially uses bromide over chloride for this purpose, generating hypobromite (hypobromous acid).

Bromine can also be substituted for H3C in the nitrogenous base thymine of DNA. This creates the base analog of 5-bromouracil. When incorporated as a nucleotide for DNA, due to having different hydrogen bonding properties, this can cause a mutation of that base pair and create new species and have devastating effects on the human genome.